How Iran Built Influence in Africa Through Religion, Trade and Drones

Iran’s presence in Africa can be understood as a network of connections serving different purposes, rather than a single model applied across the continent. Religious education, economic ties and security cooperation form distinct strands of that influence.

In West Africa, universities and Shiite seminaries have been prominent channels of engagement. This educational and religious presence places institutions at the heart of Iran’s outreach, with the promotion of Shiite thought forming part of its broader approach.

In the Horn of Africa, the emphasis has been different. Ports, drones and intelligence coordination have taken a more prominent role, giving Iran’s presence there a stronger strategic and security dimension.

Economic engagement is another strand of this network. Considered alongside religious institutions and security links, it points to an approach that uses different channels to establish and sustain connections.

The contrast between West Africa and the Horn underscores the importance of geography in understanding Iranian influence. Its footprint is best examined through the functions of these connections—and how they fit together—rather than treated as uniform across Africa.